Which of the following is a long-term response to trauma?

A long-term response to trauma often manifests in ways that are not conducive to overall well-being. Nightmares and flashbacks are symptoms commonly associated with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), which can occur long after the initial traumatic event. These experiences can disrupt daily life, affect relationships, and lead to significant emotional distress.

In contrast, normal sleep patterns, a positive outlook on life, and consistent emotional stability are typically reflective of resilience and effective coping strategies, which are not directly categorized as responses to trauma but rather as indicators of well-being and recovery. Over time, individuals who have experienced trauma may struggle with symptoms like nightmares and flashbacks instead of achieving emotional stability or a positive outlook, which highlights the challenges in healing from traumatic experiences.