What term was formerly used to refer to intellectual disabilities?

The term "mental retardation" was historically used to describe individuals with intellectual disabilities. This terminology was widely accepted for many years in both clinical and educational environments. However, over time, it became recognized that the term was often stigmatizing and did not accurately reflect the capabilities of individuals with intellectual disabilities. As a result, in many countries, including the United States, there has been a shift towards using the term "intellectual disability" to promote a more respectful and inclusive understanding of these individuals' experiences and abilities.

The other terms mentioned, such as "mental deficiency," "developmental disability," and "learning disability," represent different concepts or categories. "Mental deficiency" is an older term and has largely fallen out of use, while "developmental disability" encompasses a broader range of impairments, including intellectual disabilities but also other conditions that may impact physical, learning, or behavioral aspects. "Learning disability" specifically refers to difficulties with learning and processing information, which is distinct from the broader classification of intellectual disabilities.