What defines a hate crime?

A hate crime is specifically defined as a criminal offense that targets an individual or property due to bias against a protected characteristic, such as race, ethnicity, nationality, religion, gender, sexual orientation, disability, or other recognized categories. This definition highlights the critical aspect of intent behind the crime, where the perpetrator's actions are motivated by prejudice or bias against a specific group.

The focus on targeting individuals or property based on these characteristics sets hate crimes apart from other criminal offenses. For instance, while vandalism or financial crimes may involve similar illegal activities, they do not inherently involve the element of bias against a protected group which is essential for classifying an act as a hate crime. Therefore, the correct answer captures the unique and vital aspect that distinguishes hate crimes from other offenses, emphasizing the role of bias and discrimination in the criminal act.